gross domestic product

1 حسابداری و مالی:: تولید ناخالص داخلی

We include eight firm-specific controls (LNTA, INVREC, LOSS, LEV, ISSUE, NBS, NGS, and BIG4) and four country-level controls (DISCL, B4DO, GDP, and FDI). As shown in Table 1, AUDFEE, CROSS, and the eight firm-specific control variables are measured at the firm level for each country in each year; REGIME and DISCL are measured for each country with no variation over years; B4DO, GDP, and FDI are measured for each country in each year. GDPjt = gross domestic product per capita in thousands of U.S. dollars; and Int'l Fin'l FDIjt = foreign direct investment scaled by total GDP. Third, we expect GDP (gross domestic product) to have a positive coefficient, as audit fees are likely to be higher in rich countries than in poor countries.

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2 اقتصاد:: تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی

3 The output gap is the difference between the real GDP and the potential GDP, and expressed as a percentage of potential GDP, [(Real GDP−Potential GDP)/ Potential GDP] * 100. We use the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator as the inflation rate, expressed as the annual rate of change. Using GDP growth, we can control for the effect of business on banks' soundness. That is, GDP growth captures the part of the change in the Z-score that stems from the credit demand side. GDP growth has a positive impact on bank soundness: economic expansion tends to ameliorate banks' and their customers' balance sheets, triggering a reduction of risk.،The ratio of output to capital is constructed as the ratio of GDP to the aggregate capital stock. ■ Because, however, the level of investment is much smaller than the level of con- sumption (recall that investment accounts for about 15% of GDP, whereas con- sumption accounts for close to 70%), changes in investment from one year to the next end up being of the same overall magnitude as changes in consump- tion. But because investment accounts only for 15% of GDP and con- sumption accounts for 70%, movements in investment and consumption are of roughly equal importance in account- ing for movements in aggregate output. Compare the indices with the household final consumption expenditure (PPP) and with GDP growth (using OECD data or Eurostat data). As a result, between 1994 and 1998, there was a decrease in deficit of 3 points in the GDP (from more than 5% in 1994 to 2% in 1998) which represented a considerable change.،Nevertheless, other studies, with the application of multivariate VAR models, focus on the relationship between commodity prices and nominal variables in order to evaluate the different effects of commodity price shocks on nominal economic variables such as GDP growth or inflation within a few countries (Blanchard and Galí, 2008, Gregorio et al. GDP). To measure the transition through growth, data about the Industrial Production Index (IPI) has been collected from the Office for National Statistics' (ONS, 2013c) official database since data about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or unemployment are announced quarterly or yearly and therefore are not consistent with the frequency of model dataset. IPI is used to identify turning points in the economic development at an early stage and to assess the future development of the GDP, thus it is available on a monthly basis in a detailed activity breakdown and with a short delay (1 month and 10 days) (OECD, 2003). It is a key economic indicator and one of the earliest short-term measures of economic activity and shares exactly the same industry coverage as the corresponding quarterly series within UK Gross Domestic Product (GDP)."

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3 عمومی:: تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی، تولید ناخالص داخلی

E-commerce already accounts for 2.45 % (EUR 423 bn) of European GDP (E-Commerce Europe, 2015). Our model therefore identifies and tests, beyond classical macro-economic factors like GDP and market size, further institutional factors and capabilities-based factors that may influence the market selection decisions of online retailers and their selection preferences over time. Whereas the literature provides some evidence of the impact of general market size in terms of GDP on the selection of a target country, the impact of vertical market size - which characterizes the market size in a specific market segment, like online retailing - has been largely ignored in previous studies (Ojala & Tyrväinen, 2007). Moreover, for objective data, like GDP data or market size of the e-commerce market, the data for one variable was taken from the same source across all countries to ensure consistency and reliability of the data and to ensure comparability. We captured the market size of a country for each year in our time period separately by examining the purchasing power- equivalent of the gross domestic product (GDP) obtained from the 'World Bank Database' (c.f.،Since health care services have grown to represent approximately 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and produce their own waste and other impacts, it would be appropriate for them to address their own contribution. -- such as water and air purification, waste recycling, and food production -- are never recognized in our national accounts, whose best known statistic is the GDP. By comparison, the GDP of the entire planet is approximately US$18 trillion per year.،GDP (gross do- mestic product) for year 2014-a massive expense (Schulz, 2015). The economic growth of a nation is determined by measuring the percent increase in its gross domestic product over the course of one year. Extensive economic growth refers to growth sce- narios in which an increase in the gross domestic product is absorbed by population increase without any increase in per capita income. Intensive economic growth refers to growth sce- narios in which gross domestic product growth exceeds population growth, creating a sustained rise in living standards as measured by real income per capita (Snowdon, 2006). The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development keeps an online productivity database, referred to as a statistics portal, that includes the following information on economies worldwide: The growth of gross domestic product (GDP), labor productivity growth, and labor productivity levels (Schreyer, 2005)،Since the 1990's this kind of exploitation has become a major feature of most of the so called 'advanced market economies' where unemployment and poverty is rising, the share of wages in GDP is falling, and the tax burden on rich people is falling, too. Some 75.7 per cent of Canada's 2014 merchandise exports went to the US, equivalent to about 20 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).،As a result, the GDP of African countries is 32% lower than it would be in the absence of malaria.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was reduced by an estimated 60% in countries with already fragile economies. Global corporations have grown so large and important that many have a GDP that exceeds that of many large nations.2 Data on the world's 100 largest corporations shows that their combined sales are higher than the combined GDP of half the countries in the world.،in GDP (PPP) at over $20 trillion.26 It is also due to necessity. 26 GDP is the gross domestic product, which is the value of all final goods and services produced within a state in a given year. fte GDP can be adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations.،It comprises approximately 63% of the nominal gross domestic product (GDP) in the world (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.) and approximately 80% ($9.81 trillion) of the US private- sector GDP (Ward, 2010).،GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCCP global consumer cultural positioning GDP gross domestic product International trade, which had been increasing more rapidly than investment and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for several decades, was directly affected. International trade will continue to grow more rapidly than international investment and world GDP. Overall, the countries most open to international trade and investment, as we shall see in Chapter 2, have enjoyed both higher per capita GDP growth rates and lower unemployment rates. Its exports plus imports of goods and services as a percent of GDP is now 50% compared to about 63% for China (Wolf, 2010).،Since detailed information about the use of cryptocurrencies in Germany is not currently available, the market volume is estimated to be 2 billion EUR on the basis of Germany's share of the world's gross domestic product (IMF 2015). The table depicts levels of pros-perity that do not differ very much from the respective countries' GDP per capita. The annual growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) is used as an indicator. For the next 5 years, the federal government forecasts an average GDP increase of 1.6% (BMWi and BMF 2016).،The Chinese government was so embarrassed that China's Prime Minister had to declare that by 2020 carbon dioxide emissions per unit GDP (gross domestic product) will be reduced by 40% to 45% compared to 2005 emissions levels. Gross domestic product (GDP), 25 Group buying, 95, 143

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4 تاریخ:: تولید ناخالص داخلی

In May of that year, sixty-eight countries representing two-thirds of the world's population and half its GDP gathered in Beijing for the first Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) summit. As the late British economist Angus Maddison demonstrated, for the past two thousand years, until the mid-1800s, China, India, and Japan together generated a greater total gross domestic product (GDP) (in purchasing power parity, or PPP, terms) than the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy combined. The Asian economic zone-from the Arabian Peninsula and Turkey in the west to Japan and New Zealand in the east, and from Russia in the north to Australia in the south-now represents 50 percent of global GDP and two-thirds of global economic growth.4 Of the estimated $30 trillion in middle-class consumption growth estimated between 2015 and 2030, only $1 trillion is expected to come from today's Western economies. By contrast, today the United States, Eurozone, and China each represents more than $10 trillion in GDP. The full picture is this: China has only one-third of Asia's population, less than half of Asia's GDP, about half of its outward investment, and less than half of its inbound investment.

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5 حقوق:: تولید ناخالص داخلی

Petroleum production and refining accounts for 20% of Bahrain's Gross Domestic Product, 70% of Bahrain's export receipts and over 80% of government revenues. The oil and gas sector accounts for approximately 60% of Kuwait's gross domestic product. Revenues from oil and natural gas accounts for approximately 50% of Oman's gross domestic product. The oil and gas sector accounts for around 55% of the country's gross domestic product. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 45% of the gross domestic product (GDP), 90% of export earnings and 80% of budget revenues of the country.

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6 سیاسی و روابط بین الملل:: تولید ناخالص داخلی

During this period, Iran's population more than doubled, rising from 15.4 million to almost 38 million; gross domestic product per capita rose from $1,316 to $3,777, as measured in constant 1979 U.S. dollars; and total exports grew by a factor of nearly one hundred, increasing from $264 million to a high of $24.26 billion in 1977, as measured in constant 1979 U.S. dollars.26 This economic success was buoyed by access to high quality American arms, giving the Iranian military modern capabilities, albeit at the price of being tethered to an American lifeline for maintenance, spare parts, and ammunition. For the first twenty years of the regime (1979-2004), exports averaged just over $20.8 billion, never coming within even $25 billion of the pre-revolution high.29 Iran's share of global gross domestic product (GDP) has ranged between 0.88 and 1.30 percent between 1980 and 2012, compared to the U.S. share which varied between 19 and 25 percent.30Nonetheless, regionally, Iran's share of material capabilities has remained remarkably consistent. During the first decade of clerical rule, the Iranian economy contracted at an average rate of 2.4 percent per year.44 According to the World Bank, gross domestic product per capita (GDP/PC) in Iran decreased by nearly one third in the first three decades of the regime.45 In 1977, GDP/PC was roughly the same for both Spain and Iran: by 2006, Spain's GDP/PC was nearly four times that of Iran, despite the windfall to Iran from oil price increases.46 The exchange rate fell from 70 Iranian rials to $1 U.S. in 1979 to an official rate of 11,750 rials to $1 U.S. in June 2011 and to a market rate of nearly 36,000 rials to $1 U.S. by early 2013.47 The 2013 unemployment rate is in double digits as job growth lags far behind that needed to accommodate the flood of new entrants into the market given Iran's population growth.

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